吸入麻醉药:通常采用吸入技术来维持全身麻醉,如异氟烷、七氟烷或地氟烷,它们主要通过呼气清除,与肾功能无关。七氟烷理论上存在肾毒性,因其会产生无机氟离子代谢物并形成一种被称为“化合物A”的物质。但大量研究显示七氟烷在慢性稳定性肾功能不全的患者和透析患者中的应用是安全的[23-25]。
阿片类药物:ESKD通常不会改变机体对短效阿片类药物,如芬太尼、瑞芬太尼及舒芬太尼的药动学和药效学反应,不过这存在个体差异[26-28]。血液透析诱导的快速碱化可能会增加阿片类药物跨血脑屏障进入脑脊液的分布。因此,要注意监测有无围术期呼吸抑制。通常避免在ESKD患者的围术期使用长效阿片类药物,若有需要应避免使用曲马多或吗啡。
3、液体管理
对于透析患者的容量管理可能存在困难,血容量过多可能导致肺水肿、心衰等,而低血容量可能会引起血流动力学不稳定与组织灌注不良。围术期对于患者容量状态的评估并不容易,评估方法包括目标体重、临床体征、生物标志物(如脑钠肽等)、超声(如肺部超声等)等,不同方法均有其优势和局限性[29]。术中可以借助多种监测手段指导我们进行目标导向的容量管理。传统的静态参数包括血压、心率、中心静脉压等,但仅使用这些参数来指导液体治疗效果并不理想。采用动态血流动力学参数可用于评估容量反应性并指导患者的目标导向性液体治疗[30],包括动脉压波形的呼吸变异(如脉压变异率、每搏输出量变异率、收缩压变异率)[31]、超声技术(测定心房心室大小、下腔静脉塌陷指数等)、无创技术(如容积描记变异指数、脉搏波分析、胸部电生物阻抗等)等。透析患者的晶体液选择因医疗中心而异,包括平衡盐水、生理盐水等。相比平衡盐水,大量生理盐水输注可能导致高氯性代谢性酸中毒[32-33]。若ESKD患者禁食并接受不含葡萄糖的液体,可能会发生高钾血症。但如患者存在高血糖或低钾血症,应避免使用含葡萄糖的溶液。胶体液可选用5%白蛋白、琥珀酰明胶。而羟乙基淀粉与急性肾损伤的发生风险相关性较高。尽量避免围术期输血。但若患者存在持续手术出血或Hgb<7g/dL,临床上通常需要输注红细胞,输血后应复查血钾。 术后麻醉管理
1、液体和电解质管理
术后应早期检测血清尿素、肌酐和电解质的水平。最好在手术引起的液体转移和出血风险消除后再进行透析。若患者需接受血液透析,则应减少或不采用透析回路肝素化,以免增加术后出血风险。对于某些血流动力学不稳定的患者,术后可使用连续性肾脏替代疗法来代替血液透析。
2、疼痛管理
采用多模式方法进行术后镇痛。鉴于长效阿片类药物的代谢物可能在ESKD患者体内蓄积,应避免使用这类药物。若需短期应用阿片类药物进行术后镇痛,可选择应用芬太尼的患者静脉自控镇痛方案。可联合使用区域麻醉技术或局部麻醉药物伤口浸润和非阿片类镇痛药。对乙酰氨基酚经肝脏代谢,无需调整剂量便可安全用于透析患者[34]。应避免将非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)用于有残余肾功能的患者以避免残余肾功能发生恶化。此外,NSAIDs会影响血小板功能,也会影响消化道黏膜,因此在有出血性倾向的ESKD患者中可能进一步增加出血风险。
综上所述,对于需要接受透析治疗的ESKD患者,透析治疗本身会产生一系列病理生理改变,此外此类患者通常合并症众多且复杂,当其因各种情况需要接受外科手术治疗时,围术期的麻醉管理方案应根据患者自身的具体情况、手术的紧急程度及预计出入量、手术时间长短等进行个体化定制与管理,以期优化患者的临床结局。
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