此外,多篇报道一致认为短期的功能锻炼可以改善局部肌肉力量,但是术后过早从事过高强度的活动及久坐久站者复发风险高。术后早期的卧床休息至关重要,再辅以适当的功能锻炼有助于避免组织粘连及消除水肿,使椎间盘组织得到充分修复,能够使患者快速恢复至日常生活状态。 总 结
综上所述,术者经验和患者的病程、吸烟史、糖尿病史、体重、发病节段、术前影像学参数、术后功能锻炼等是PELD术后复发的影响因素。终板Modic改变不同分型是仍有潜在研究价值的影响因素。 1.对于术者相关因素
由于脊柱内镜技术学习过程中陡峭的学习曲线,镜下解剖与开放手术的差异需要从新理解脊柱内镜技术,虽然脊柱内镜技术并发症的发生率,相比较开放手术而言相对低一些,但若不能规范的操作和严格适应症的适用,也容易出现各种严重的并发症。
术中工作通道放置位置、神经根牵拉、环锯、射频止血使用不当可导致术后下肢放射性肢感觉异常,如果对解剖和神经根变异重视或了解不足,如果对解剖重视或了解不足,甚至引起术后椎间隙的感染、血管、神经根损伤,硬膜囊的撕裂、椎管内的出血,瘢痕粘连,在开展早期往往容易出现很多并发症,进而影响患者预后导致术后复发,甚至出现致命的并发症发生。 常见并发症及对应的防治策略:
1.术前对患者进行影像和症状评估,选择最合适的穿刺靶点,必要时对椎间孔进行适当扩大,从而更有利于置管;
2.在完成对突出的椎间盘组织摘除后,彻底探查椎管及神经根管,以防出现局部神经根卡压;
3.减压时要明确解剖结构,髓核组织取出时可与患者沟通,询问下肢疼痛情况,操作轻柔,减少硬脊膜撕裂的风险;
4.术中穿刺时切勿将穿刺针过于偏向椎体中间,术后仔细探查是否存在出血,另外具有出血倾向的患者应慎重选择手术方式,以预防术后腹膜后血肿的并发。
5.对于手术适应症的把握,目前对于合并众多马尾神经损伤,严重的椎管内组织粘连,椎管的完全性狭窄,脊柱转移性肿瘤、严重畸形和部分妊娠患者应为内镜手术相对禁忌症。
对于手术的操作需要一定的学习曲线及经验的积累,属于可控因素,可以通过对术者进行专业的培训,提前熟识相关的并发症,掌握其可能的发生机制,通过强化相关基础知识,规范操作流程,提高技能水平,避免并发症发生,进而改善患者预后,减少术后复发率。 2.对于患者相关因素
对目前已经明确的PELD术后复发的危险因素如年龄、病程、终板Modic改变等无法改变的既定因素,可以利用其评估患者预后并制定个性化治疗方案;
对于可控因素,如体重、吸烟史、糖尿病史和术后功能锻炼等,可以通过术前开展健康宣教、术后指导患者进行安全可靠的康复训练来降低 PELD术后的复发率。
成功手术的标准仅基于充分去除椎间盘突出症和缓解症状,很多时候,在患者角度理解的术后复发病例并未被认为是复发,而是由于不完全减压残留的部分症状,所以就对术者术中操作提出了更高的要求。 针对现在临床上区别于术后复发的残留症状:
现代医学一般认为术后残留症状的主要病理机制包括炎性反应、压迫学说等,
其一:部分学者认为手术过程中对于神经根产生了一定的刺激,进而导致神经根出现水肿以及炎性因子,最终引发患者出现以上这些症状。
其二:更多学者认为长期机械压迫导致神经根出现不可逆的神经结构与功能损伤是出现术后残留症状的主要非手术原因。
术后效果不佳的原因往往是多因素的。
临床症状与影像学表现之间并不总是有明显的相关性。在排除手术适应症和手术技术等因素基础之上,心理社会问题、邻椎突出也可导致暂歇性、持续性背部或腿部疼痛。
因此,术前充分地了解患者症状时间和进展情况、评估患者病情、把握手术适应证及术后状态尤为关键。 3.对于潜在的与尚无统一结论的危险因素则需要更深一步的研究 参考文献
[1]Alleviate LR, Vialle EN, Suárez Henao JE, Giraldo G. LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION. Rev Bras Ortop. 2015 Nov 16;45(1):17-22.
[2]Minamide A, Yoshida M, Yamada H, Nakagawa Y, Kawai M, Maio K, Hashizume H, Iwasaki H, Tsutsui S. Endoscope-assisted spinal decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013 Dec;19(6):664-71.
[3]Wu J, Zhang C, Lu K, Li C, Zhou Y. Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Reoperation for Recurrent Sciatica Symptoms: A Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in 94 Patients. World Neurosurg. 2018 Jan;109:e761-e769.
[4]Li Z, Yang H, Liu M, Lu M, Chu J, Hou S, Hou T. Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Recurrent Lumbar Disk Herniation: A Retrospective Analysis of Three Hundred Twenty-One Cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018 Nov 1;43(21):1463-1469.
[5]Yao Y, Liu H, Zhang H, Wang H, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Wu J, Tang Y, Zhou Y. Risk Factors for Recurrent Herniation After Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy. World Neurosurg. 2017 Apr;100:1-6.
[6]Wang B, Lü G, Patel AA, Ren P, Cheng I. An evaluation of the learning curve for a complex surgical technique: the full endoscopic interlaminar approach for lumbar disc herniations. Spine J. 2011 Feb;11(2):122-30.
[7]Sencer A, Yorukoglu AG, Akcakaya MO, Aras Y, Aydoseli A, Boyali O, Sencan F, Sabanci PA, Gomleksiz C, Imer M, Kiris T, Hepgul K, Unal OF, Izgi N, Canbolat AT. Fully endoscopic interlaminar and transforaminal lumbar discectomy: short-term clinical results of 163 surgically treated patients. World Neurosurg. 2014 Nov;82(5):884-90.
[8]Ahn SS, Kim SH, Kim DW. Learning Curve of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy Based on the Period (Early vs. Late) and Technique (in-and-out vs. in-and-out-and-in): A Retrospective Comparative Study. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2015 Dec;58(6):539-46.
[9]Park CH, Park ES, Lee SH, Lee KK, Kwon YK, Kang MS, Lee SY, Shin YH. Risk Factors for Early Recurrence After Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Disc Decompression. Pain Physician. 2019 Mar;22(2):E133-E138. PMID: 30921991.
[10]Cheng J, Wang H, Zheng W, Li C, Wang J, Zhang Z, Huang B, Zhou Y. Reoperation after lumbar disc surgery in two hundred and seven patients. Int Orthop. 2013 Aug;37(8):1511-7.
[11]Sencer A, Yorukoglu AG, Akcakaya MO, Aras Y, Aydoseli A, Boyali O, Sencan F, Sabanci PA, Gomleksiz C, Imer M, Kiris T, Hepgul K, Unal OF, Izgi N, Canbolat AT. Fully endoscopic interlaminar and transforaminal lumbar discectomy: short-term clinical results of 163 surgically treated patients. World Neurosurg. 2014 Nov;82(5):884-90.
[12]钱宇章,王楠,董煜祺,谢林,康然.经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症术后复发相关因素的Meta分析[J].中国组织工程研究,2020,24(36):5886-5896.
[13]Kim HS, You JD, Ju CI. Predictive Scoring and Risk Factors of Early Recurrence after Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Nov 7;2019:6492675.
[14]罗凯,张学学,张达颖.脊柱内镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症不同手术入路的进展[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2016,22(05):373-377.
[15]Ahn Y, Lee SH, Park WM, Lee HY, Shin SW, Kang HY. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for recurrent disc herniation: surgical technique, outcome, and prognostic factors of 43 consecutive cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Aug 15;29(16):E326-32.
[16]Yin S, Du H, Yang W, Duan C, Feng C, Tao H. Prevalence of Recurrent Herniation Following Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Meta-Analysis. Pain Physician. 2018 Jul;21(4):337-350.
[17]齐文斌,朱彦海.经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效观察及术后复发的相关因素分析[J].颈腰痛杂志,2019,40(06):776-780.
[18]Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJ, Calodney AK, Onyewu O, Helm S 2nd, Benyamin RM, Hirsch JA. An updated review of automated percutaneous mechanical lumbar discectomy for the contained herniated lumbar disc. Pain Physician. 2013 Apr;16(2 Suppl):SE151-84.
[19]赵江,赵宇,张健,赵养学.影响经皮椎间孔镜对腰椎间盘突出症疗效的危险因素回归分析[J].颈腰痛杂志,2016,37(06):487-490.
[20]Kreiner DS, Hwang SW, Easa JE, Resnick DK, Baisden JL, Bess S, Cho CH, DePalma MJ, Dougherty P 2nd, Fernand R, Ghiselli G, Hanna AS, Lamer T, Lisi AJ, Mazanec DJ, Meagher RJ, Nucci RC, Patel RD, Sembrano JN, Sharma AK, Summers JT, Taleghani CK, Tontz WL Jr, Toton JF; North American Spine Society. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 2014 Jan;14(1):180-91.
[21]Yaman ME, Kazancı A, Yaman ND, Baş F, Ayberk G. Factors that influence recurrent lumbar disc herniation. Hong Kong Med J. 2017 Jun;23(3):258-63.
[22]郑旭浩,张小磊,江立波,胡旭琪,金永龙,郑亦静,吴畏,徐华梓.细胞自噬在糖尿病大鼠椎间盘退变中的作用[J].中国病理生理杂志,2013,29(11):2011-2016.
[23]Wu J, Zhang C, Lu K, Li C, Zhou Y. Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Reoperation for Recurrent Sciatica Symptoms: A Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in 94 Patients. World Neurosurg. 2018 Jan;109:e761-e769.
[24]Mundt DJ, Kelsey JL, Golden AL, Pastides H, Berg AT, Sklar J, Hosea T, Panjabi MM. An epidemiologic study of non-occupational lifting as a risk factor for herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. The Northeast Collaborative Group on Low Back Pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1993 Apr;18(5):595-602.
[25]Kim JM, Lee SH, Ahn Y, Yoon DH, Lee CD, Lim ST. Recurrence after successful percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2007 Apr;50(2):82-5.
[26]文兵,杜瑛,胡良波,张翱,梁学恒,余洁.磁共振对BMI正常人群髓核体积的测量与临床应用研究[J].中国医学计算机成像杂志,2016,22(04):346-350.
[27]孟壮志,朱青安,范真,赵卫东,欧阳钧,钟世镇.腰骶部椎间盘髓核摘除对脊柱稳定性影响的生物力学研究[J].中国临床解剖学杂志,1999(01):77-78.
[28]Wu XB, Fan GX, Gu X, Shen TG, Guan XF, Hu AN, Zhang HL, He SS. Learning curves of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy in transforaminal approach at the L4/5 and L5/S1 levels: a comparative study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2016 Jul;17(7):553-60.
[29]Yuan C, Wang J, Zhou Y, Pan Y. Endoscopic lumbar discectomy and minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion: a contrastive review. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2018 Dec;13(4):429-434.
[30]Axelsson P, Karlsson BS. Intervertebral mobility in the progressive degenerative process. A radiostereometric analysis. Eur Spine J. 2004 Oct;13(6):567-72.
[31]Karchevsky M, Schweitzer ME, Carrino JA, Zoga A, Montgomery D, Parker L. Reactive endplate marrow changes: a systematic morphologic and epidemiologic evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 2005 Mar;34(3):125-9.
[32]Shen Z, Zhong ZM, Wu Q, Zheng S, Shen X, Chen J. Predictors for Poor Outcomes After Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Retrospective Study of 241 Patients. World Neurosurg. 2019 Jun;126:e422-e431.
[33]Cinotti G, Gumina S, Giannicola G, Postacchini F. Contralateral recurrent lumbar disc herniation. Results of discectomy compared with those in primary herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Apr 15;24(8):800-6.
[34]Kim KT, Park SW, Kim YB. Disc height and segmental motion as risk factors for recurrent lumbar disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Nov 15;34(24):2674-8.
[35]Dora C, Schmid MR, Elfering A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N. Lumbar disk herniation: do MR imaging findings predict recurrence after surgical diskectomy? Radiology. 2005 May;235(2):562-7.
[36]Shimia M, Babaei-Ghazani A, Sadat BE, Habibi B, Habibzadeh A. Risk factors of recurrent lumbar disk herniation. Asian J Neurosurg. 2013 Apr;8(2):93-6. 作者简介